Лондон: өлгөләр араһындағы айырма
Эстәлек юйылған Эстәлек өҫтәлгән
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99 юл:
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'''Лондон''' ([[Инглиз теле|инг.]] ''London'') — [[Англия]]ның һәм [[Бөйөк Британия]]ның башҡалаһы һәм иң эре ҡалаһы. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true |title=London |accessdate=23 September 2014 |publisher=Collins Dictionary |date=n.d.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |title=The World Factbook |date=1 February 2014 |publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref> Темза йылғаһы ярында, римляндар менән яҡынса 43 йылда ''Лондиниум'' тип нигеҙләнғән, ике быуат ваҡытында ул эре тораҡ пункты.<ref name=london_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date=n.d. |archiveurl= http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title=Roman London |publisher=[[Museum of London]] |archivedate=22 June 2008}}</ref> Лондондын боронғо ядроһы ''' Лондон Сити ''' 2,9 км² майҙанында урынлашҡан һәм 2011 йылда унда 7,375 кеше йәшәғән. 19 быуаттан башлап ''Лондон'' термины - боронғо ядро уратып алған метрополиялар исеме.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> Был конурбацияның ҙур өлөшө Ҙур Лондон (майҙаны - 1572 км²), <ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496 |title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=4 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk:80/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496 |archivedate=24 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |publisher=Routledge |location= London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=368|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See also: [[Independent city#National capitals|Independent city § National capitals]].</ref> [[Англия]]ның регионы; Лондон мэры һәм Лондон Ассамблеяһы менән идара ителә. <ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |coauthors=Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=868 |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The London Mayor is not to be confused with the [[Lord Mayor of London]] who heads the [[City of London Corporation]], which administers the City of London.</ref> Конурбацияға тағы ла ике округтар инә: Лондон Сити һәм Бөйөк Лондон,<ref>Lieutenancies Act 1997</ref> ләкин тарихтан улар Сити, [[Мидлсекс]], [[Эссекс]], [[Суррей]], [[Кент]] һәм [[Хардфордшир]] графлыҡтар араһында бүленде.
Лондон алдынғы глобаль ҡалаһы.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher=More Intelligent Life |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> Сәнғәт, коммерция,мәғариф, күңел асыу, мода, финанс, һаулыҡ һаҡлау, матбуғат, махсус хеҙмәтләштереү, фән тикшеренеүҙәр, туризм, транспорт яҡтан көслө һәм был яҡшы яҡтар уны бик данлыҡлы ҡала тип эшләйҙәр.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world to work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |newspaper= The Independent |location= London |author=Dearden, Lizzie |date= 7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= London & Partners}}</ref> Донъяның беренсе финанс үҙәге, <ref name=GFCI>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 18|date=September 2015|publisher=Long Finance}}</ref><ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres Index 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres Index 18 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2015}}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work=Forbes |location=New York |date=15 July 2008 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS |archivedate=19 May 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref> Эске тулайы продукт буйынса башҡалалар араһында иҫәпләү ысулы буйынса 5-се ләкин 6-сы урында тора.<ref group="note">Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output. London and [[Paris]] are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is defined as having the fifth- and sixth-largest city GDP in the world. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared to US$764.2 billion for Paris, making them respectively the sixth- and fifth-largest in the world. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US$565 billion in 2008, compared to US$564 billion for Paris, making them respectively the fifth- and sixth-largest in the world. The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris, whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url= http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |location=Washington DC |date=September–October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url= http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast |archivedate= 19 May 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref> Лондон донъя мәҙәниәт үҙәге.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century ... says New York |work=London Evening Standard |date=20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=London School of Economics |date=11 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater London Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> Донъяла иң күп туристар йыйған ҡала<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =London |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> һәм донъяла иң ҙур аэропорт системаһы эргәһендә ҡала.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing to overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Инвестициялар бирелғән буйынса донъяла иң алдынғы урын,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://greater-paris-investment-agency.com/en/2015/07/09/2015-global-cities-investment-monitor-perception/ |title= Global Cities Investment Monitor 2015 |accessdate= 27 August 2015 |publisher= KPMG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbre.com/o/international/investor-intentions-survey/Pages/default.aspx |title= Global Investor Intentions Survey 2015 |accessdate= 27 August 2015 |publisher= CBRE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldpropertyjournal.com/real-estate-news/united-kingdom/london-real-estate-news/global-property-investor-data-2015-global-investor-intentions-survey-2015-cbre-london-office-property-investors-new-york-commercial-investors-hong-kong-real-estate-investors-9065.php#sthash.YLLTORSE.dpuf |title= London Top Target for Global Investors, Secondary Markets Gain Popularity |accessdate= 27 August 2015 |publisher= World Property Journal}}</ref> донъяның топ-10 ритейлдары һәм<ref>{{cite web |url= http://researchgateway.cbre.com/Layouts/PublicReportAccess/Default.aspx?PUBID=e351a0b7-1ce9-40f8-8278-19d18cea5b2f |title= Global Retail Report 2014 |accessdate= 27 August 2015 |publisher= CBRE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-news/london-retains-title-as-worlds-most-international-shopping-destination-10258033.html |author=Bourke, Joanna |title=London retains title as world's most international shopping destination |work= London Evening Standard |date= 18 May 2015 |accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> шәхси бизнесмендар <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.knightfrank.com/research/the-wealth-report-2015-2716.aspx |title= The Wealth Report 2015 |accessdate= 27 August 2015 |publisher= Knight Frank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2015/03/11/nyc_is_no_longer_the_no_1_city_for_the_superwealthy.php |author=Bourke, Joanna |title=NYC Is No Longer the No. 1 City for the Super-Wealthy |work= Curbed |date= 11 March 2015 |accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> бында.
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Лондонда куп спектрлы милләттәр йәшәғән ҡалаһы. Ҙур Лондонда 300 телдәрҙә һөйләшәләр.<ref name=london_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher=National Centre for Language |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H |archivedate=19 May 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref> [[:EN:Office for National Statistics|Милли статистика офисы]] мәғлүмәте буйынса 2014 йылда Лондондын халҡы- 8,538,689, [[Европа Берләшмәһе]]нең халыҡ һаны буйынса иң эре муниципалитет,<ref name="largest_city_eu">{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM |archivedate=26 July 2007| deadurl=no}}</ref> һәм Бөйөк Британияның 12.5 % халҡы.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> Лондон ҡалаһы халыҡ һаны буйынса [[Европа Берлешмәһе]]ндә икенсе урында тора, [[Париж]]дан һуң (конурбация 9,787,426 кеше).<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> Ҙур Лондон 13,879,757 халҡы менән Европа Берләшмәһендә иң эре конурбация.<ref name=gla-plan-2015>{{cite web|title=The London Plan (March 2015)|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/London%20Plan%20March%202015%20%28FALP%29.pdf|website=London.gov.uk|publisher=The Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>
1831-
Лондонда дүрт [[бөтә донъя мираҫы]] объекттары бар:[[:en:Tower of London|Тауэр]]; [[:en:Kew Gardens|Королева ботаник баҡсалары]]; Вестминистер графлығы: [[:en:Palace of Westminster|Вестминстер һарайы]], [[:en:Westminster Abbey|Вестминстер аббатлығы]] һәм [[:en:St Margaret's, Westminster|Изге Маргарита сиркәүе]] индерә; Гринвич ([[:en:Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Гринвич Королева Обсерваторияһы]] беренсе 0° Гринвич меридианы үткән урын).<ref name=london_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Башҡа иҫтәлекле урындар [[:en:Buckingham Palace|Букингем Һарайы]], [[Лондон күҙе]], [[:EN:Piccadilly Circus|Пикадилли майҙаны]], [[:en:St Paul's Cathedral|Изге Павел Соборы]], [[:en:Tower Bridge|Тауэр күпере]], [[:en:Trafalgar Square|Трафальгар майҙаны]], [[:en:The Shard|Шард бейек йорты]],[[:en:British Museum|Британ Музейы]], [[:en:National Gallery|Милли Галлерея]], [[:en: West End theatre|Вест Энд театрҙары]], Тейт Модерн һәм Британ китапханаһы.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M |archivedate=19 May 2011 |location= London |deadurl=no}}</ref> Лондон метрополитены донъяның беренсе булып төҙөлдө.
''London'' исеме этимологияһы куп спектрлы, күп вариантлы.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> Был боронғо исем 2-се быуатта сығанаҡтарҙа табылды. Ул 121 йылда ''[[Лондиниум]]''тип йөрөтөлә, роман-британ сығышы менән.<ref name="mills_139"/> Был иң беренсе аңлатма [[Гальфрид Монмутский]] менән ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' эшендә бирелде.<ref name="mills_139"/> Ошо версия буйынса ҡаланы Люд короле баҫты һәм уға ''Kaerlud'' исемен бирҙе.<ref name=london_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref>▼
▲''London'' исеме этимологияһы куп спектрлы, күп вариантлы.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> Был боронғо исем 2-се быуатта сығанаҡтарҙа табылды. Ул 121 йылда ''[[Лондиниум]]''тип йөрөтөлә, роман-британ сығышы менән.<ref name="mills_139"/> Был иң беренсе аңлатма [[Гальфрид Монмутский]] менән ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' эшендә бирелде.<ref name="mills_139"/> Ошо версия буйынса ҡаланы Люд короле баҫты һәм уға ''Kaerlud'' исемен бирҙе.<ref name=london_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref>. 1898 йылдан ҡала исеме *Londinos'' бер кельт кеше буйынса бирелде тип аңлатма йөрөй башланы.
== Иҫкәрмәләр ==
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